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Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of immune self-tolerance resulting in production of autoantibodies against various self-antigens.  These autoantibodies form immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage across virtually any organ system.  SLE predominantly affects women of childbearing age, with approximately 90% of patients being female.  The disease has a highly variable clinical presentation, ranging from mild symptoms such as arthralgia and photosensitive rash to life-threatening organ involvement (eg, renal failure).

Epidemiology

  • Incidence:  SLE incidence has risen with improved detection of mild disease and is estimated to be between 1 and 25 per 100,000 globally.
  • Prevalence:  In the United States, prevalence is 20-150 per 100,000, with higher rates among African American, Hispanic, and Native American populations (who also experience more severe disease manifestations).

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