Introduction

Ganglion cysts are benign pseudocysts formed by connective tissue outpouchings from tendon sheaths, joint capsules, or bursae and contain mucinous fluid.  They are most commonly found on the dorsal wrist and are often asymptomatic.

Pathophysiology

The exact cause of ganglion cysts is unknown, but they are thought to be due to mucoid degeneration of periarticular tissue, leading to outpouching of the connective tissue.  Ganglion cysts often communicate with the underlying joint via a hollow pedicle; fluid is postulated to flow from the joint space to the cyst, and a one-way valve mechanism prevents return flow to the joint.

Risk factors

Factors that increase the development of ganglion cysts include the following:

  • History of joint or tendon injury
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Age 20s-40s
  • Female sex

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