Article Sections

Introduction

Septic arthritis is an infection of a joint space, typically caused by bacterial pathogens but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens.  It represents a medical emergency due to the potential for rapid joint destruction and systemic complications.  The condition can involve any joint; in adults, the knee and hip are most commonly affected, and in infants and children, the hip is most commonly involved.  Early recognition and treatment are important to preserving joint function and preventing systemic spread.

Pathophysiology

Septic arthritis occurs when pathogens invade the synovial space, leading to an inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil infiltration and cytokine release.  This response results in synovitis, effusion, and damage to articular cartilage.  Bacteria may reach the joint via hematogenous spread (most common), direct

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